Mortgage of land use rights where land rental is exempted

Under Decree 46/2014, a land user in Vietnam who leases land under lump sum payment for the entire lease term and is exempted from all land rental may have the option to pay the exempted land rental in order to enjoy the rights and obligations applicable to a normal land user including the right to mortgage the relevant land use right with credit institutions.

This is an important new point for many BOT projects which need to be able to mortgage their land use rights in favour of their lenders. Under the old land regulations, investors in a BOT project are exempted from land rental payment. However, this investment incentive has caused considerable difficulties for project sponsors in offering an acceptable security package to foreign lenders. 

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Scope of real estate business by a foreign-invested developer in Vietnam

There has been an argument that under the Law on Real Estate, foreign investors may not engage in the activities of purchasing or leasing of buildings for further second sale or subleasing in Vietnam. This is because under Article 10.1 of the Law on Real Estate, a foreign investor is expressly allowed to:

  • invest in the creation of buildings, construction works for sale, lease and finance lease. Article 18 of Law on Real Estate defines "creation of a building" to include: (1) investment in construction of new houses and buildings or (2) investment in upgrading and repairing existing houses and buildings; and

  • invest in the renovation of land and infrastructure attached to land for lease of land with attached infrastructure.

The scope of real estate business of a foreign investor under Article 10 of the Law on Real Estate Business does not include any reference to purchase or lease of buildings for further secondary sale or sub-leasing.

However, by virtue of the definition of “creation of a building” under Article 18 of the Law Real Estate, one could also argue that if a foreign investor (1) purchases or leases existing buildings and then (2) invests in upgrading and repairing such buildings, the foreign investor should be allowed to conduct further secondary sale or subleasing. However, a recent official letter of the Ministry of Construction dated 12 February 2014, without giving a clear reason, the Ministry of Construction takes the view that a foreign investor leases a building or construction work and repairs or upgrades such building or construction work for subleasing is not within the permitted scope of real estate activities under the Law on Real Estate. According to the Ministry of Construction, a foreign investor should wait until the amended Law on Real Estate for subleasing of existing buildings.

Vietnam Business Law Blog
Is Metadata Personal Data? New Risks Under Vietnam’s Personal Data Protection Law (PDPL 2025)

When companies think about data protection, they usually focus on “visible” data like names, email addresses, or bank details. However, there is a hidden layer called metadata - essentially “data about data” - that often gets ignored.

Under Vietnam’s new personal data protection rules, overlooking metadata is a major risk. If metadata can be used to identify a specific person, it falls under the same strict rules as regular personal data.

What is Metadata? The “Digital Footprint”

Metadata is information that describes the context of a file or a message rather than the content itself. Even if you remove a person’s name from a file, the metadata can still point directly to them.

Land Access Privileges for Investor under Vietnam’s New BT Framework

Vietnam is currently at a pivotal stage of infrastructure modernization. To meet the immense demand for capital, the State has moved to revitalize private sector participation, most notably through the “Build – Transfer” (BT) model.

In a typical BT arrangement, a private investor finances and constructs an infrastructure project, then transfers it to the State upon completion. In return, the State “pays” the investor with land funds, allowing them to develop a “reciprocal project” (dự án đối ứng) to recover their capital and generate profit. While this mechanism is essential to stimulate private sector participation, the recent new legal framework for BT projects may raise significant concern regarding the land access privileges granted to BT investors compared to their counterparts in the general real estate market. In particular,

Case Law No. 81/2024 Creates More Confusion Than Clarification

The recently issued Case Law No. 81/2024/AL (CL 81) introduces a precedent that allows creditors to bypass the standard statute of limitations by re-characterizing an unpaid contractual debt as a property reclamation claim upon the mutual termination of the contract and an agreement on the payable amount. Below are a few of our observations regarding CL 81.

Summary of the Case

The dispute originated from a service contract between Company M (the Service Provider) and Company A (the Client). After the Service Provider performed its services, the parties mutually agreed to terminate the contract. Subsequently, the Client explicitly confirmed in writing the specific amount of the service fee it owed to the Service Provider and the late payment interest but ultimately failed to make the payment. When the Service Provider filed a lawsuit to recover the unpaid amount, the Client requested the court to dismiss the case, arguing that the 3-year statute of limitations for a contractual dispute had already expired.

Insights From Case Law 78/2025/AL - Distinguishing Contributions For Charter Capital From Business Cooperation

For investors in Vietnam, "contributing capital" to a company can mean two very different things: becoming a legal owner (member/shareholder of a company) or simply being a business partner. A recent case law no. 78/2025/AL clarifies this distinction and indicates that several pieces of evidence may be considered to prove company member/shareholder status.

Case Summary

In this dispute, Mr. H, the plaintiff, provided significant funds to D Limited Liability Company, which was managed by his relatives. Although Mr. H received the profit distribution for over a decade and signed minutes acknowledging his contribution, Mr. H was never officially recorded as a member of the company in the enterprise registration certificates (ERC) or the company’s charter.

Comments on The Draft of Government Resolution to Solve Transitional BT Projects

When partnering with government agencies (G2B), the risks often come from policy changes and the adoption of new legislation, causing obstacles, delays, and payment backlogs in PPP contracts (especially BT contracts). Following the establishment of Steering Committee 751 (Ban Chỉ Đạo 751) to resolve investment projects with pending legal issues, the Government has recently prepared a Resolution Draft (the Draft) to address approximately 160 transitional BT projects still facing legal obstacles (such projects, “Pending BT Project”).

Focusing specifically on Pending BT Projects where land-use rights serve as the State’s payment mechanism, the following analysis highlights critical issues arising from the proposed changes introduced by this Draft:

Key points under Decree 356/2025 guiding the Personal Data Protection Law (PDPL 2025)

On 31 December 2025, the Government issued Decree 356/2025 guiding the implementation of the PDPL 2025, which took effect on 1 January 2026. Decree 356/2025 provides critical detailed guidance and, notably, resolves several ambiguities under the PDPL 2025 framework. This post highlights the key takeaways from this new regulation.

1.         Expansion of "sensitive personal data": ID Cards and login credentials

As compared to the Draft PDPL Decree, Decree 356/2025 expands the scope of sensitive personal data to explicitly include:

Key Changes In New Investment Law 2025

On 11 December 2025, the National Assembly adopted new investment law (Investment Law 2025). On this blog, we discuss some key changes in the new Investment Law 2025.

Clarification of business investment conditions

The Investment Law 2025 refines the definition of business investment conditions (Điều kiện đầu tư kinh doanh) by introducing an explicit exclusion: these conditions no longer encompass technical standards and regulations issued by competent authorities concerning product or service quality. This addition narrows the scope of what constitutes a "conditional business line", distinguishing administrative market-entry conditions from mere technical product standards.

New Resolution 254/2025 on Specific Policies and Mechanism to Resolve Obstacles in Implementation of The Land Law

In a significant move to streamline the execution of the Land Law 2024, the National Assembly of Vietnam recently passed Resolution 254/2025 on specific policies and mechanism to resolve obstacles in implementation of the Land Law 2024. Effective from 1 January 2026, Resolution 254/2025 is intended to apply alongside the Land Law 2024 and prevails in case of conflict. In essence, Resolution 254/2025 could be considered as an amendment to the Land Law 2024.

In this post, we will summarize the key changes introduced under Resolution 254/2025.

1.           Expanded Scope for Land Recovery

Resolution 254/2025 introduces three additional scenarios under which the State may recover land to promote socio-economic development. Specifically, it now includes:

New Decree 323/2025 on establishment of Vietnam International Financial Center (VIFC)

On 18 December 2025, the Vietnamese government issued Decree 323/2025 on the establishment of Vietnam International Financial Center (VIFC). Decree 323/2025 takes effect immediately and provides guidance for Article 8 and 9 of Resolution 222/2025 of the National Assembly on VIFC. In this post, we discuss some interesting points of Decree 323/2025

1. Single or multiple units

The National Assembly intends that VIFC is one single unit. To confirm this intention, Decree 323/2025 provides that VIFC is a unified legal unit (thực thể pháp lý thống nhất in Vietnamese). However, Vietnamese law does not have definition of legal unit (thực thể pháp lý). In addition, this provision of Decree 323/2025 also seems to contradict with Resolution 222/2025 which defines VIFC as an area with defined geographical boundaries.

However, by locating that single unit into two separate location, putting it under management of multiples authorties, and giving each location a different set of priorities, it is doubtful on how the operation of VIFC can be unified. This is evidenced by:

  • The VIFC is oddly named as “Viet Nam International Financial Center in Ho Chi Minh City (VIFC-HCMC) and Viet Nam International Financial Center in Da Nang City (VIFC-DN)” which compries two individual names within one single entity name.

  • The Operating Authority and Supervisory Authority of VIFC have legal person status, which implied that these authorities’ legal responsibility is independent with VIFC’s legal responsibility.

Key Terminologies under Vietnam’s AI Law

The Law on Artificial Intelligence (AI Law), which was passed by the National Assembly on 10 December 2025, is arguably among the most anticipated pieces of legislation of Vietnam in 2025.

Unfortunately, similar to the Law on Digital Technology Industry, Vietnam’s AI Law still feels like a half-baked legislation, which makes it hard to clearly identifying the key players in the artificial intelligence (AI) value chain. This article would examine several key terminologies under the AI Law.

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Written by Nguyen Quang Vu On In ,

Sub-leasing of spare office or factory space in Vietnam

It is not clear under Vietnamese law if a company may sublease its spare office or factory space without having to register for “real estate trading” and to have a minimum capital of VND 6 billion.  

  •  Article 4.2 of the Enterprise Law provides that “doing business” (kinh doanh) means the continuous conduct of one, several or all of the stages of the investment process, from production to sale of products or provision of services in the market for profits. There is no further interpretation of the term “continuous conduct”. Therefore, it is not clear if a company which enters into only one subleasing contract for its spare office or factory space could be considered as having a continuous conduct of leasing or not.

 

  • In an official letter dated August 2011, the Ministry of Planning and Investment took the view that a company subleasing its spare office or factory space is considered as providing real estate trading service and is required to register for “real estate trading” and to have a minimum capital of VND 6 billion.

 

  • On the opposite end, in November 2013, in an official letter to Long An Department of Planning and Investment, the Ministry of Construction takes the view that  a company subleasing its spare office or factory space is not considered as providing real estate trading service and is not required to register for “real estate trading” and to have a minimum capital of VND 6 billion.

It appears that the Ministry of Construction considers that entering into one sublease contract does not constitute a continuous conduct. On the other hand, the Ministry of Planning and Investment took the opposite view. The issue in question could also extend to other normal corporate activity such as intercompany lending or providing parent guarantee.

Vietnam Business Law Blog
Is Metadata Personal Data? New Risks Under Vietnam’s Personal Data Protection Law (PDPL 2025)

When companies think about data protection, they usually focus on “visible” data like names, email addresses, or bank details. However, there is a hidden layer called metadata - essentially “data about data” - that often gets ignored.

Under Vietnam’s new personal data protection rules, overlooking metadata is a major risk. If metadata can be used to identify a specific person, it falls under the same strict rules as regular personal data.

What is Metadata? The “Digital Footprint”

Metadata is information that describes the context of a file or a message rather than the content itself. Even if you remove a person’s name from a file, the metadata can still point directly to them.

Land Access Privileges for Investor under Vietnam’s New BT Framework

Vietnam is currently at a pivotal stage of infrastructure modernization. To meet the immense demand for capital, the State has moved to revitalize private sector participation, most notably through the “Build – Transfer” (BT) model.

In a typical BT arrangement, a private investor finances and constructs an infrastructure project, then transfers it to the State upon completion. In return, the State “pays” the investor with land funds, allowing them to develop a “reciprocal project” (dự án đối ứng) to recover their capital and generate profit. While this mechanism is essential to stimulate private sector participation, the recent new legal framework for BT projects may raise significant concern regarding the land access privileges granted to BT investors compared to their counterparts in the general real estate market. In particular,

Case Law No. 81/2024 Creates More Confusion Than Clarification

The recently issued Case Law No. 81/2024/AL (CL 81) introduces a precedent that allows creditors to bypass the standard statute of limitations by re-characterizing an unpaid contractual debt as a property reclamation claim upon the mutual termination of the contract and an agreement on the payable amount. Below are a few of our observations regarding CL 81.

Summary of the Case

The dispute originated from a service contract between Company M (the Service Provider) and Company A (the Client). After the Service Provider performed its services, the parties mutually agreed to terminate the contract. Subsequently, the Client explicitly confirmed in writing the specific amount of the service fee it owed to the Service Provider and the late payment interest but ultimately failed to make the payment. When the Service Provider filed a lawsuit to recover the unpaid amount, the Client requested the court to dismiss the case, arguing that the 3-year statute of limitations for a contractual dispute had already expired.

Insights From Case Law 78/2025/AL - Distinguishing Contributions For Charter Capital From Business Cooperation

For investors in Vietnam, "contributing capital" to a company can mean two very different things: becoming a legal owner (member/shareholder of a company) or simply being a business partner. A recent case law no. 78/2025/AL clarifies this distinction and indicates that several pieces of evidence may be considered to prove company member/shareholder status.

Case Summary

In this dispute, Mr. H, the plaintiff, provided significant funds to D Limited Liability Company, which was managed by his relatives. Although Mr. H received the profit distribution for over a decade and signed minutes acknowledging his contribution, Mr. H was never officially recorded as a member of the company in the enterprise registration certificates (ERC) or the company’s charter.

Comments on The Draft of Government Resolution to Solve Transitional BT Projects

When partnering with government agencies (G2B), the risks often come from policy changes and the adoption of new legislation, causing obstacles, delays, and payment backlogs in PPP contracts (especially BT contracts). Following the establishment of Steering Committee 751 (Ban Chỉ Đạo 751) to resolve investment projects with pending legal issues, the Government has recently prepared a Resolution Draft (the Draft) to address approximately 160 transitional BT projects still facing legal obstacles (such projects, “Pending BT Project”).

Focusing specifically on Pending BT Projects where land-use rights serve as the State’s payment mechanism, the following analysis highlights critical issues arising from the proposed changes introduced by this Draft:

Key points under Decree 356/2025 guiding the Personal Data Protection Law (PDPL 2025)

On 31 December 2025, the Government issued Decree 356/2025 guiding the implementation of the PDPL 2025, which took effect on 1 January 2026. Decree 356/2025 provides critical detailed guidance and, notably, resolves several ambiguities under the PDPL 2025 framework. This post highlights the key takeaways from this new regulation.

1.         Expansion of "sensitive personal data": ID Cards and login credentials

As compared to the Draft PDPL Decree, Decree 356/2025 expands the scope of sensitive personal data to explicitly include:

Key Changes In New Investment Law 2025

On 11 December 2025, the National Assembly adopted new investment law (Investment Law 2025). On this blog, we discuss some key changes in the new Investment Law 2025.

Clarification of business investment conditions

The Investment Law 2025 refines the definition of business investment conditions (Điều kiện đầu tư kinh doanh) by introducing an explicit exclusion: these conditions no longer encompass technical standards and regulations issued by competent authorities concerning product or service quality. This addition narrows the scope of what constitutes a "conditional business line", distinguishing administrative market-entry conditions from mere technical product standards.

New Resolution 254/2025 on Specific Policies and Mechanism to Resolve Obstacles in Implementation of The Land Law

In a significant move to streamline the execution of the Land Law 2024, the National Assembly of Vietnam recently passed Resolution 254/2025 on specific policies and mechanism to resolve obstacles in implementation of the Land Law 2024. Effective from 1 January 2026, Resolution 254/2025 is intended to apply alongside the Land Law 2024 and prevails in case of conflict. In essence, Resolution 254/2025 could be considered as an amendment to the Land Law 2024.

In this post, we will summarize the key changes introduced under Resolution 254/2025.

1.           Expanded Scope for Land Recovery

Resolution 254/2025 introduces three additional scenarios under which the State may recover land to promote socio-economic development. Specifically, it now includes:

New Decree 323/2025 on establishment of Vietnam International Financial Center (VIFC)

On 18 December 2025, the Vietnamese government issued Decree 323/2025 on the establishment of Vietnam International Financial Center (VIFC). Decree 323/2025 takes effect immediately and provides guidance for Article 8 and 9 of Resolution 222/2025 of the National Assembly on VIFC. In this post, we discuss some interesting points of Decree 323/2025

1. Single or multiple units

The National Assembly intends that VIFC is one single unit. To confirm this intention, Decree 323/2025 provides that VIFC is a unified legal unit (thực thể pháp lý thống nhất in Vietnamese). However, Vietnamese law does not have definition of legal unit (thực thể pháp lý). In addition, this provision of Decree 323/2025 also seems to contradict with Resolution 222/2025 which defines VIFC as an area with defined geographical boundaries.

However, by locating that single unit into two separate location, putting it under management of multiples authorties, and giving each location a different set of priorities, it is doubtful on how the operation of VIFC can be unified. This is evidenced by:

  • The VIFC is oddly named as “Viet Nam International Financial Center in Ho Chi Minh City (VIFC-HCMC) and Viet Nam International Financial Center in Da Nang City (VIFC-DN)” which compries two individual names within one single entity name.

  • The Operating Authority and Supervisory Authority of VIFC have legal person status, which implied that these authorities’ legal responsibility is independent with VIFC’s legal responsibility.

Key Terminologies under Vietnam’s AI Law

The Law on Artificial Intelligence (AI Law), which was passed by the National Assembly on 10 December 2025, is arguably among the most anticipated pieces of legislation of Vietnam in 2025.

Unfortunately, similar to the Law on Digital Technology Industry, Vietnam’s AI Law still feels like a half-baked legislation, which makes it hard to clearly identifying the key players in the artificial intelligence (AI) value chain. This article would examine several key terminologies under the AI Law.

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Comment
Written by Nguyen Quang Vu On In ,

New land clearance procedure under the Vietnamese Land Law

Effective from 1 July 2014, the new Land Law requires all Government authorities to complete all land recovery and clearance procedures including payment of land compensation to existing land users before deciding to lease or allocating such land to a new investor.

For large infrastructure projects in Vietnam, land clearance is one of the most time consuming tasks. The new change is likely to make it more difficult for a provincial authority who lacks funding to pay for land compensation to complete the land clearance procedures. This is because under the Land Law 2003, land lease/allocation and land clearance could be decided in one single decision. Relying on a “land lease/clearance decision”, certain investors may be prepared to “advance” the compensation costs for the relevant provincial authority on the assumption after paying the land compensation, the investors will certainly have the necessary land use rights.

Under the new Land Law, if an investor pays for the land compensation costs, the investor is not certain that it will be granted with the necessary land use right. This would make it more difficult for a potential investor to finance for the compensation costs. 

Vietnam Business Law Blog
Is Metadata Personal Data? New Risks Under Vietnam’s Personal Data Protection Law (PDPL 2025)

When companies think about data protection, they usually focus on “visible” data like names, email addresses, or bank details. However, there is a hidden layer called metadata - essentially “data about data” - that often gets ignored.

Under Vietnam’s new personal data protection rules, overlooking metadata is a major risk. If metadata can be used to identify a specific person, it falls under the same strict rules as regular personal data.

What is Metadata? The “Digital Footprint”

Metadata is information that describes the context of a file or a message rather than the content itself. Even if you remove a person’s name from a file, the metadata can still point directly to them.

Land Access Privileges for Investor under Vietnam’s New BT Framework

Vietnam is currently at a pivotal stage of infrastructure modernization. To meet the immense demand for capital, the State has moved to revitalize private sector participation, most notably through the “Build – Transfer” (BT) model.

In a typical BT arrangement, a private investor finances and constructs an infrastructure project, then transfers it to the State upon completion. In return, the State “pays” the investor with land funds, allowing them to develop a “reciprocal project” (dự án đối ứng) to recover their capital and generate profit. While this mechanism is essential to stimulate private sector participation, the recent new legal framework for BT projects may raise significant concern regarding the land access privileges granted to BT investors compared to their counterparts in the general real estate market. In particular,

Case Law No. 81/2024 Creates More Confusion Than Clarification

The recently issued Case Law No. 81/2024/AL (CL 81) introduces a precedent that allows creditors to bypass the standard statute of limitations by re-characterizing an unpaid contractual debt as a property reclamation claim upon the mutual termination of the contract and an agreement on the payable amount. Below are a few of our observations regarding CL 81.

Summary of the Case

The dispute originated from a service contract between Company M (the Service Provider) and Company A (the Client). After the Service Provider performed its services, the parties mutually agreed to terminate the contract. Subsequently, the Client explicitly confirmed in writing the specific amount of the service fee it owed to the Service Provider and the late payment interest but ultimately failed to make the payment. When the Service Provider filed a lawsuit to recover the unpaid amount, the Client requested the court to dismiss the case, arguing that the 3-year statute of limitations for a contractual dispute had already expired.

Insights From Case Law 78/2025/AL - Distinguishing Contributions For Charter Capital From Business Cooperation

For investors in Vietnam, "contributing capital" to a company can mean two very different things: becoming a legal owner (member/shareholder of a company) or simply being a business partner. A recent case law no. 78/2025/AL clarifies this distinction and indicates that several pieces of evidence may be considered to prove company member/shareholder status.

Case Summary

In this dispute, Mr. H, the plaintiff, provided significant funds to D Limited Liability Company, which was managed by his relatives. Although Mr. H received the profit distribution for over a decade and signed minutes acknowledging his contribution, Mr. H was never officially recorded as a member of the company in the enterprise registration certificates (ERC) or the company’s charter.

Comments on The Draft of Government Resolution to Solve Transitional BT Projects

When partnering with government agencies (G2B), the risks often come from policy changes and the adoption of new legislation, causing obstacles, delays, and payment backlogs in PPP contracts (especially BT contracts). Following the establishment of Steering Committee 751 (Ban Chỉ Đạo 751) to resolve investment projects with pending legal issues, the Government has recently prepared a Resolution Draft (the Draft) to address approximately 160 transitional BT projects still facing legal obstacles (such projects, “Pending BT Project”).

Focusing specifically on Pending BT Projects where land-use rights serve as the State’s payment mechanism, the following analysis highlights critical issues arising from the proposed changes introduced by this Draft:

Key points under Decree 356/2025 guiding the Personal Data Protection Law (PDPL 2025)

On 31 December 2025, the Government issued Decree 356/2025 guiding the implementation of the PDPL 2025, which took effect on 1 January 2026. Decree 356/2025 provides critical detailed guidance and, notably, resolves several ambiguities under the PDPL 2025 framework. This post highlights the key takeaways from this new regulation.

1.         Expansion of "sensitive personal data": ID Cards and login credentials

As compared to the Draft PDPL Decree, Decree 356/2025 expands the scope of sensitive personal data to explicitly include:

Key Changes In New Investment Law 2025

On 11 December 2025, the National Assembly adopted new investment law (Investment Law 2025). On this blog, we discuss some key changes in the new Investment Law 2025.

Clarification of business investment conditions

The Investment Law 2025 refines the definition of business investment conditions (Điều kiện đầu tư kinh doanh) by introducing an explicit exclusion: these conditions no longer encompass technical standards and regulations issued by competent authorities concerning product or service quality. This addition narrows the scope of what constitutes a "conditional business line", distinguishing administrative market-entry conditions from mere technical product standards.

New Resolution 254/2025 on Specific Policies and Mechanism to Resolve Obstacles in Implementation of The Land Law

In a significant move to streamline the execution of the Land Law 2024, the National Assembly of Vietnam recently passed Resolution 254/2025 on specific policies and mechanism to resolve obstacles in implementation of the Land Law 2024. Effective from 1 January 2026, Resolution 254/2025 is intended to apply alongside the Land Law 2024 and prevails in case of conflict. In essence, Resolution 254/2025 could be considered as an amendment to the Land Law 2024.

In this post, we will summarize the key changes introduced under Resolution 254/2025.

1.           Expanded Scope for Land Recovery

Resolution 254/2025 introduces three additional scenarios under which the State may recover land to promote socio-economic development. Specifically, it now includes:

New Decree 323/2025 on establishment of Vietnam International Financial Center (VIFC)

On 18 December 2025, the Vietnamese government issued Decree 323/2025 on the establishment of Vietnam International Financial Center (VIFC). Decree 323/2025 takes effect immediately and provides guidance for Article 8 and 9 of Resolution 222/2025 of the National Assembly on VIFC. In this post, we discuss some interesting points of Decree 323/2025

1. Single or multiple units

The National Assembly intends that VIFC is one single unit. To confirm this intention, Decree 323/2025 provides that VIFC is a unified legal unit (thực thể pháp lý thống nhất in Vietnamese). However, Vietnamese law does not have definition of legal unit (thực thể pháp lý). In addition, this provision of Decree 323/2025 also seems to contradict with Resolution 222/2025 which defines VIFC as an area with defined geographical boundaries.

However, by locating that single unit into two separate location, putting it under management of multiples authorties, and giving each location a different set of priorities, it is doubtful on how the operation of VIFC can be unified. This is evidenced by:

  • The VIFC is oddly named as “Viet Nam International Financial Center in Ho Chi Minh City (VIFC-HCMC) and Viet Nam International Financial Center in Da Nang City (VIFC-DN)” which compries two individual names within one single entity name.

  • The Operating Authority and Supervisory Authority of VIFC have legal person status, which implied that these authorities’ legal responsibility is independent with VIFC’s legal responsibility.

Key Terminologies under Vietnam’s AI Law

The Law on Artificial Intelligence (AI Law), which was passed by the National Assembly on 10 December 2025, is arguably among the most anticipated pieces of legislation of Vietnam in 2025.

Unfortunately, similar to the Law on Digital Technology Industry, Vietnam’s AI Law still feels like a half-baked legislation, which makes it hard to clearly identifying the key players in the artificial intelligence (AI) value chain. This article would examine several key terminologies under the AI Law.

Info
Comment
Written by Nguyen Quang Vu On In